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Johann Conrad Dippel (August 10, 1673 – April 25, 1734) was a German pietist theologian, alchemist and physician. ==Life== Dippel was born at Castle Frankenstein near Mühltal and Darmstadt, and therefore once at his school the addendum ''Franckensteinensis'' and once at his university the addendum ''Franckensteina-Strataemontanus'' was used. He studied theology, philosophy and alchemy at the University of Giessen, obtaining a master's degree in theology in 1693. He published many theological works under the name Christianus Demócritus, and most of them are still preserved. Circa 1700 he turned to Hermetic studies and alchemy as a key to nature. Between 1700 and 1702 he engaged in a bitter dispute with the Reformed Court Preacher Conrad Broeske in Offenbach, with whom he shared millenarian hopes for soon-coming renewal in Christendom. He accused Broeske of compromise and collusion with the authorities after Broeske refused to publish Dippel's "The Scourging Papacy of the Protestants" on the Offenbach press. Dippel's reputation as a controversial theologian earned him both defenders and enemies throughout all of Europe. Emanuel Swedenborg was probably both his most notable supporter and, later, staunch critic: Swedenborg began as a disciple of Dippel, but eventually dismissed him as a "most vile devil ... who attempted wicked things." Swedenborg clarified that he was at first enamored by Dippel's emotionally charged writings and agreed with his attempts to dissolve traditional churches for a more personal faith and rejection of the Bible as the literal Word of God; however, he eventually criticized Dippel as "bound to no principles, but was in general opposed to all, whoever they may be, of whatever principle or faith ... becoming angry with any one for contradicting him." Swedenborg went so far as to suggest that Dippel was merely a cultish opportunist who used his theological charisma for his own financial gain and social influence, actively leading people away from traditional faith in order to "take away all their intelligence of truth and good, and leaving them in a kind of delirium."〔Swedenborg, Emanuel. ''A compendium of the theological and spiritual writings of Emanuel Swedenborg'' (1854) pp. 418–420〕 Dippel led an adventurous life, often getting into trouble because of his disputed opinions and his problems with managing money. He was eventually imprisoned for heresy, where he served a seven-year sentence. He created an animal oil known as Dippel's Oil which was supposed to be the equivalent to the alchemists' dream of the "elixir of life." At one point, Dippel attempted to purchase Castle Frankenstein in exchange for his elixir formula, which he claimed he had recently discovered; the offer was turned down.〔''Gothic Immortals: The Fiction of the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross'' by Marie Roberts contains a translation of a letter Dippel wrote in which he requested to be the lord of Castle Frankenstein in exchange for the Elixir of Life.〕 According to Stahl, Dippel and the pigment maker Diesbach used potassium carbonate contaminated with this oil in producing red dyes. To their surprise, they obtained a blue pigment "Berliner Blau", also called "Preussisch Blau" or "Prussian blue".〔Stahl, Georg Ernst: Experimenta, Observationes, Animadversiones, CCC Numero, Chymicae et Physicae, Berlin 1731, 281–283.〕 There are claims that during his stay at Castle Frankenstein, he practiced alchemy and anatomy. He was allegedly working with nitroglycerin, which led to the destruction of a tower at the Castle Frankenstein. But this seems to be a modern myth, for it is an anachronism. Nitroglycerin hadn't been discovered in Dippel's time. And although the history of the castle during Dippel's lifetime is well documented, the destruction of a tower – though surely a remarkable event – is nowhere mentioned. Other rumours about Dippel appear to be modern inventions too. For example, that which said that he performed gruesome experiments with cadavers in which he attempted to transfer the soul of one cadaver into another. Soul-transference with cadavers was a common experiment among alchemists at the time and was a theory that Dippel supported in his writings, thus making it possible that Dippel pursued similar objectives,〔Eric John Holmyard, ''Alchemy''. Dover Publications, 1990〕 but there is no direct evidence to link him to these specific acts. There is also no evidence to the rumor that he was driven out of town when word of his activities reached the ears of the townspeople — though he was often banned from countries, notably Sweden and Russia, for his controversial theological positions. Dippel did, however, experiment quite frequently with dead animals, of which he was an "avid dissector".〔Jared Christman. ''Grave Pawns.'' 2010, p. 48 ISBN 0-615-37592-8〕 In his dissertation ''Maladies and Remedies of the Life of the Flesh'', Dippel claims to have discovered both the Elixir of Life and the means to exorcize demons through potions he concocted from boiled animal bones and flesh. This is the same essay in which Dippel claimed to believe that souls could be transferred from one corpse to another by using a funnel.〔Johann Konrad Dippel (writing as Christianus Democritus). ''Maladies and Remedies of the Life of the Flesh''. Originally published in German in 1736〕 Some of Dippel's contemporaries, notably Johann Heinrich Jung, believed that toward the end of his life, Dippel lost his faith altogether after years of bitter disputes with other Christian leaders. Calling Christ "an indifferent being",〔Jung, Johann Heinrich. ''Theobald, or the Fanatic'' (1835), pp. 25–28〕 Dippel shifted all of his energy exclusively on his alchemical experiments. He set up a lab near Wittgenstein (which was eventually converted into a pub named after him, Dippelshof〔The pub's official website: http://www.dippelshof.de/〕), and it is at this point in his life that historical records are vague on his activities and thus grew folkloric in nature.〔Florescu, Radu. ''In Search of Frankenstein''. New York, NY: New York Graphic Society, 1975 ISBN 1-86105-033-X.〕 During this time, at least one local minister apparently accused Dippel of grave robbing, experimenting on cadavers, and keeping company with the Devil.〔(“Frankenstein's castle offers Halloween chills.” ) Today. MSNBC Travel, 28 October 2008〕 For the most part, Dippel kept to himself and his work; he perhaps even actively perpetuated the rumors that he had sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for secret knowledge, as relying on his reputation as a dark sorcerer better enabled him to find audiences with those willing to pay for his knowledge of the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life.〔Curran, Bob. ''Man-Made Monsters'' (2010). p. 45 ISBN 1-60163-136-7〕 He died at Wittgenstein Castle near Bad Laasphe, probably from a stroke, though some contemporaries suspected poisoning.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1034731&blobtype=pdf )〕 Ironically, a year before his death, he wrote a pamphlet in which he claimed to have discovered an elixir that would keep him alive until the age of 135.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johann Conrad Dippel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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